Teuchos_RCP.hpp

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#ifndef TEUCHOS_RCP_HPP
#define TEUCHOS_RCP_HPP
 
 
#include "Teuchos_RCPDecl.hpp"
#include "Teuchos_Ptr.hpp"
#include "Teuchos_Assert.hpp"
#include "Teuchos_Exceptions.hpp"
#include "Teuchos_dyn_cast.hpp"
#include "Teuchos_map.hpp"
#include "Teuchos_TypeNameTraits.hpp"
 
 
namespace Teuchos {
 
 
// very bad public functions
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCPNode* RCP_createNewRCPNodeRawPtrNonowned( T* p )
{
  return new RCPNodeTmpl<T,DeallocNull<T> >(p, DeallocNull<T>(), false);
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCPNode* RCP_createNewRCPNodeRawPtrNonownedUndefined( T* p )
{
  return new RCPNodeTmpl<T,DeallocNull<T> >(p, DeallocNull<T>(), false, null);
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCPNode* RCP_createNewRCPNodeRawPtr( T* p, bool has_ownership_in )
{
  return new RCPNodeTmpl<T,DeallocDelete<T> >(p, DeallocDelete<T>(), has_ownership_in);
}
 
 
template<class T, class Dealloc_T>
inline
RCPNode* RCP_createNewDeallocRCPNodeRawPtr(
  T* p, Dealloc_T dealloc, bool has_ownership_in
  )
{
  return new RCPNodeTmpl<T,Dealloc_T>(p, dealloc, has_ownership_in);
}
 
 
template<class T, class Dealloc_T>
inline
RCPNode* RCP_createNewDeallocRCPNodeRawPtrUndefined(
  T* p, Dealloc_T dealloc, bool has_ownership_in
  )
{
  return new RCPNodeTmpl<T,Dealloc_T>(p, dealloc, has_ownership_in, null);
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCP<T>::RCP( T* p, const RCPNodeHandle& node)
  : ptr_(p), node_(node)
{}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
T* RCP<T>::access_private_ptr() const
{  return ptr_; }
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCPNodeHandle& RCP<T>::nonconst_access_private_node()
{  return node_; }
 
 
template<class T>
inline
const RCPNodeHandle& RCP<T>::access_private_node() const
{  return node_; }
 
 
 
 
// Constructors/destructors/initializers
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCP<T>::RCP( ENull )
  : ptr_(NULL)
{}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCP<T>::RCP( T* p, ERCPWeakNoDealloc )
  : ptr_(p)
#ifndef TEUCHOS_DEBUG
  , node_(RCP_createNewRCPNodeRawPtrNonowned(p))
#endif // TEUCHOS_DEBUG
{
#ifdef TEUCHOS_DEBUG
  if (p) {
    RCPNode* existing_RCPNode = RCPNodeTracer::getExistingRCPNode(p);
    if (existing_RCPNode) {
      // Will not call add_new_RCPNode(...)
      node_ = RCPNodeHandle(existing_RCPNode, RCP_WEAK, false);
    }
    else {
      // Will call add_new_RCPNode(...)
      node_ = RCPNodeHandle(
        RCP_createNewRCPNodeRawPtrNonowned(p),
        p, typeName(*p), concreteTypeName(*p),
        false
        );
    }
  }
#endif // TEUCHOS_DEBUG
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCP<T>::RCP( T* p, ERCPUndefinedWeakNoDealloc )
  : ptr_(p),
    node_(RCP_createNewRCPNodeRawPtrNonownedUndefined(p))
{}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCP<T>::RCP( T* p, bool has_ownership_in )
  : ptr_(p)
#ifndef TEUCHOS_DEBUG
  , node_(RCP_createNewRCPNodeRawPtr(p, has_ownership_in))
#endif // TEUCHOS_DEBUG
{
#ifdef TEUCHOS_DEBUG
  if (p) {
    RCPNode* existing_RCPNode = 0;
    if (!has_ownership_in) {
      existing_RCPNode = RCPNodeTracer::getExistingRCPNode(p);
    }
    if (existing_RCPNode) {
      // Will not call add_new_RCPNode(...)
      node_ = RCPNodeHandle(existing_RCPNode, RCP_WEAK, false);
    }
    else {
      // Will call add_new_RCPNode(...)
      RCPNodeThrowDeleter nodeDeleter(RCP_createNewRCPNodeRawPtr(p, has_ownership_in));
      node_ = RCPNodeHandle(
        nodeDeleter.get(),
        p, typeName(*p), concreteTypeName(*p),
        has_ownership_in
        );
      nodeDeleter.release();
    }
  }
#endif // TEUCHOS_DEBUG
}
 
 
template<class T>
template<class Dealloc_T>
inline
RCP<T>::RCP( T* p, Dealloc_T dealloc, bool has_ownership_in )
  : ptr_(p)
#ifndef TEUCHOS_DEBUG
  , node_(RCP_createNewDeallocRCPNodeRawPtr(p, dealloc, has_ownership_in))
#endif // TEUCHOS_DEBUG
{
#ifdef TEUCHOS_DEBUG
  if (p) {
    // Here we are assuming that if the user passed in a custom deallocator
    // then they will want to have ownership (otherwise it will throw if it is
    // the same object).
    RCPNodeThrowDeleter nodeDeleter(RCP_createNewDeallocRCPNodeRawPtr(p, dealloc, has_ownership_in));
    node_ = RCPNodeHandle(
      nodeDeleter.get(),
      p, typeName(*p), concreteTypeName(*p),
      has_ownership_in
      );
    nodeDeleter.release();
  }
#endif // TEUCHOS_DEBUG
}
 
 
template<class T>
template<class Dealloc_T>
inline
RCP<T>::RCP( T* p, Dealloc_T dealloc, ERCPUndefinedWithDealloc, bool has_ownership_in )
  : ptr_(p)
#ifndef TEUCHOS_DEBUG
  , node_(RCP_createNewDeallocRCPNodeRawPtrUndefined(p, dealloc, has_ownership_in))
#endif // TEUCHOS_DEBUG
{
#ifdef TEUCHOS_DEBUG
  if (p) {
    // Here we are assuming that if the user passed in a custom deallocator
    // then they will want to have ownership (otherwise it will throw if it is
    // the same object).
    // Use auto_ptr to ensure we don't leak if a throw occurs
    RCPNodeThrowDeleter nodeDeleter(RCP_createNewDeallocRCPNodeRawPtrUndefined(
      p, dealloc, has_ownership_in));
    node_ = RCPNodeHandle(
      nodeDeleter.get(),
      p, typeName(*p), concreteTypeName(*p),
      has_ownership_in
      );
    nodeDeleter.release();
  }
#endif // TEUCHOS_DEBUG
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCP<T>::RCP(const RCP<T>& r_ptr)
  : ptr_(r_ptr.ptr_), node_(r_ptr.node_)
{}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCP<T>::RCP(RCP<T>&& r_ptr)
  : ptr_(r_ptr.ptr_), node_(std::move(r_ptr.node_))
{
  r_ptr.ptr_ = 0;
}
 
 
template<class T>
template<class T2>
inline
RCP<T>::RCP(const RCP<T2>& r_ptr)
  : ptr_(r_ptr.get()), // will not compile if T is not base class of T2
    node_(r_ptr.access_private_node())
{}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCP<T>::~RCP()
{}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCP<T>& RCP<T>::operator=(const RCP<T>& r_ptr)
{
#ifdef TEUCHOS_DEBUG
  if (this == &r_ptr)
    return *this;
  reset(); // Force delete first in debug mode!
#endif
  RCP<T>(r_ptr).swap(*this);
  return *this;
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCP<T>& RCP<T>::operator=(RCP<T>&& r_ptr)
{
#ifdef TEUCHOS_DEBUG
  if (this == &r_ptr)
    return *this;
  reset(); // Force delete first in debug mode!
#endif
  ptr_ = r_ptr.ptr_;
  node_ = std::move(r_ptr.node_);
  r_ptr.ptr_ = 0;
  return *this;
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCP<T>& RCP<T>::operator=(ENull)
{
  reset();
  return *this;
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
void RCP<T>::swap(RCP<T> &r_ptr)
{
  std::swap(r_ptr.ptr_, ptr_);
  node_.swap(r_ptr.node_);
}
 
 
// Object query and access functions
 
 
template<class T>
inline
bool RCP<T>::is_null() const
{
  return ptr_ == 0;
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
T* RCP<T>::operator->() const
{
  debug_assert_not_null();
  debug_assert_valid_ptr();
  return ptr_;
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
T& RCP<T>::operator*() const
{
  debug_assert_not_null();
  debug_assert_valid_ptr();
  return *ptr_;
}
 
template<class T>
inline
T* RCP<T>::get() const
{
  debug_assert_valid_ptr();
  return ptr_;
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
T* RCP<T>::getRawPtr() const
{
  return this->get();
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
Ptr<T> RCP<T>::ptr() const
{
#ifdef TEUCHOS_DEBUG
  return Ptr<T>(this->create_weak());
#else
  return Ptr<T>(getRawPtr());
#endif
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
Ptr<T> RCP<T>::operator()() const
{
  return ptr();
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCP<const T> RCP<T>::getConst() const
{
  return rcp_implicit_cast<const T>(*this);
}
 
 
// Reference counting
 
 
template<class T>
inline
ERCPStrength RCP<T>::strength() const
{
  return node_.strength();
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
bool RCP<T>::is_valid_ptr() const
{
  if (ptr_)
    return node_.is_valid_ptr();
  return true;
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
int RCP<T>::strong_count() const
{
  return node_.strong_count();
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
int RCP<T>::weak_count() const
{
  return node_.weak_count();
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
int RCP<T>::total_count() const
{
  return node_.total_count();
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
void RCP<T>::set_has_ownership()
{
  node_.has_ownership(true);
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
bool RCP<T>::has_ownership() const
{
  return node_.has_ownership();
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
Ptr<T> RCP<T>::release()
{
  debug_assert_valid_ptr();
  node_.has_ownership(false);
  return Ptr<T>(ptr_);
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCP<T> RCP<T>::create_weak() const
{
  debug_assert_valid_ptr();
  return RCP<T>(ptr_, node_.create_weak());
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
RCP<T> RCP<T>::create_strong() const
{
  debug_assert_valid_ptr();
  return RCP<T>(ptr_, node_.create_strong());
}
 
#if defined(HAVE_TEUCHOSCORE_CXX11) && defined(HAVE_TEUCHOS_THREAD_SAFE)
template<class T>
inline
RCP<T> RCP<T>::create_strong_thread_safe() const
{
  if (strength() == RCP_STRONG) {
    return create_strong(); // it's already thread safe
  }
  // we don't check for debug_assert_valid_ptr()
  // probably doesn't hurt anything if we do but using it would be confusing
  // because ptr could become invalid immediately after
  RCPNodeHandle attemptStrong = node_.create_strong_lock();
  return RCP<T>( attemptStrong.is_node_null() ? 0 : ptr_, attemptStrong);
}
#endif
 
 
template<class T>
template <class T2>
inline
bool RCP<T>::shares_resource(const RCP<T2>& r_ptr) const
{
  return node_.same_node(r_ptr.access_private_node());
  // Note: above, r_ptr is *not* the same class type as *this so we can not
  // access its node_ member directly!  This is an interesting detail to the
  // C++ protected/private protection mechanism!
}
 
 
// Assertions
 
 
template<class T>
inline
const RCP<T>& RCP<T>::assert_not_null() const
{
  if (!ptr_)
    throw_null_ptr_error(typeName(*this));
  return *this;
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
const RCP<T>& RCP<T>::assert_valid_ptr() const
{
  if (ptr_)
    node_.assert_valid_ptr(*this);
  return *this;
}
 
 
// boost::shared_ptr compatiblity funtions
 
 
template<class T>
inline
void RCP<T>::reset()
{
#ifdef TEUCHOS_DEBUG
  node_ = RCPNodeHandle();
#else
  RCPNodeHandle().swap(node_);
#endif
  ptr_ = 0;
}
 
 
template<class T>
template<class T2>
inline
void RCP<T>::reset(T2* p, bool has_ownership_in)
{
  *this = rcp(p, has_ownership_in);
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
int RCP<T>::count() const
{
  return node_.count();
}
 
}  // end namespace Teuchos
 
 
// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Inline non-member functions for RCP
 
 
template<class T>
inline
Teuchos::RCP<T>
Teuchos::rcp( T* p, bool owns_mem )
{
  return RCP<T>(p, owns_mem);
}
 
 
template<class T, class Dealloc_T>
inline
Teuchos::RCP<T>
Teuchos::rcpWithDealloc( T* p, Dealloc_T dealloc, bool owns_mem )
{
  return RCP<T>(p, dealloc, owns_mem);
}
 
 
template<class T, class Dealloc_T>
inline
Teuchos::RCP<T>
Teuchos::rcpWithDeallocUndef( T* p, Dealloc_T dealloc, bool owns_mem )
{
  return RCP<T>(p, dealloc, RCP_UNDEFINED_WITH_DEALLOC, owns_mem);
}
 
 
template<class T>
Teuchos::RCP<T>
Teuchos::rcpFromRef( T& r )
{
  return RCP<T>(&r, RCP_WEAK_NO_DEALLOC);
}
 
 
template<class T>
Teuchos::RCP<T>
Teuchos::rcpFromUndefRef( T& r )
{
  return RCP<T>(&r, RCP_UNDEFINED_WEAK_NO_DEALLOC);
}
 
 
template<class T, class Embedded>
Teuchos::RCP<T>
Teuchos::rcpWithEmbeddedObjPreDestroy(
  T* p, const Embedded &embedded, bool owns_mem
  )
{
  return rcpWithDealloc(
    p, embeddedObjDeallocDelete<T>(embedded,PRE_DESTROY), owns_mem
    );
}
 
 
template<class T, class Embedded>
Teuchos::RCP<T>
Teuchos::rcpWithEmbeddedObjPostDestroy(
  T* p, const Embedded &embedded, bool owns_mem
  )
{
  return rcpWithDealloc( p, embeddedObjDeallocDelete<T>(embedded,POST_DESTROY), owns_mem );
}
 
 
template<class T, class Embedded>
Teuchos::RCP<T>
Teuchos::rcpWithEmbeddedObj( T* p, const Embedded &embedded, bool owns_mem )
{
  return rcpWithEmbeddedObjPostDestroy<T,Embedded>(p,embedded,owns_mem);
}
 
 
template<class T, class ParentT>
Teuchos::RCP<T>
Teuchos::rcpWithInvertedObjOwnership(const RCP<T> &child,
  const RCP<ParentT> &parent)
{
  using std::make_pair;
  return rcpWithEmbeddedObj(child.getRawPtr(), make_pair(child, parent), false);
}
 
 
template<class T>
Teuchos::RCP<T>
Teuchos::rcpCloneNode(const RCP<T> &p)
{
  if (is_null(p)) {
    return p;
  }
  return rcpWithEmbeddedObj(&*p, p, false);
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
bool Teuchos::is_null( const RCP<T> &p )
{
  return p.is_null();
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
bool Teuchos::nonnull( const RCP<T> &p )
{
  return !p.is_null();
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
bool Teuchos::operator==( const RCP<T> &p, ENull )
{
  return p.get() == NULL;
}
 
 
template<class T>
inline
bool Teuchos::operator!=( const RCP<T> &p, ENull )
{
  return p.get() != NULL;
}
 
 
template<class T1, class T2>
inline
bool Teuchos::operator==( const RCP<T1> &p1, const RCP<T2> &p2 )
{
  return p1.access_private_node().same_node(p2.access_private_node());
}
 
 
template<class T1, class T2>
inline
bool Teuchos::operator!=( const RCP<T1> &p1, const RCP<T2> &p2 )
{
  return !p1.access_private_node().same_node(p2.access_private_node());
}
 
 
template<class T2, class T1>
inline
Teuchos::RCP<T2>
Teuchos::rcp_implicit_cast(const RCP<T1>& p1)
{
  // Make the compiler check if the conversion is legal
  T2 *check = p1.get();
  return RCP<T2>(check, p1.access_private_node());
}
 
 
template<class T2, class T1>
inline
Teuchos::RCP<T2>
Teuchos::rcp_static_cast(const RCP<T1>& p1)
{
  // Make the compiler check if the conversion is legal
  T2 *check = static_cast<T2*>(p1.get());
  return RCP<T2>(check, p1.access_private_node());
}
 
 
template<class T2, class T1>
inline
Teuchos::RCP<T2>
Teuchos::rcp_const_cast(const RCP<T1>& p1)
{
  // Make the compiler check if the conversion is legal
  T2 *check = const_cast<T2*>(p1.get());
  return RCP<T2>(check, p1.access_private_node());
}
 
 
template<class T2, class T1>
inline
Teuchos::RCP<T2>
Teuchos::rcp_dynamic_cast(const RCP<T1>& p1, bool throw_on_fail)
{
  if (!is_null(p1)) {
    T2 *p = NULL;
    if (throw_on_fail) {
      p = &dyn_cast<T2>(*p1);
    }
    else {
      // Make the compiler check if the conversion is legal
      p = dynamic_cast<T2*>(p1.get());
    }
    if (p) {
      return RCP<T2>(p, p1.access_private_node());
    }
  }
  return null;
}
 
 
template<class T1, class T2>
inline
void Teuchos::set_extra_data( const T1 &extra_data, const std::string& name,
  const Ptr<RCP<T2> > &p, EPrePostDestruction destroy_when, bool force_unique )
{
  p->assert_not_null();
  p->nonconst_access_private_node().set_extra_data(
    any(extra_data), name, destroy_when,
    force_unique );
}
 
 
template<class T1, class T2>
inline
const T1& Teuchos::get_extra_data( const RCP<T2>& p, const std::string& name )
{
  p.assert_not_null();
  return any_cast<T1>(
    p.access_private_node().get_extra_data(
      TypeNameTraits<T1>::name(), name
      )
    );
}
 
 
template<class T1, class T2>
inline
T1& Teuchos::get_nonconst_extra_data( RCP<T2>& p, const std::string& name )
{
  p.assert_not_null();
  return any_cast<T1>(
    p.nonconst_access_private_node().get_extra_data(
      TypeNameTraits<T1>::name(), name
      )
    );
}
 
 
template<class T1, class T2>
inline
Teuchos::Ptr<const T1>
Teuchos::get_optional_extra_data( const RCP<T2>& p, const std::string& name )
{
  p.assert_not_null();
  const any *extra_data = p.access_private_node().get_optional_extra_data(
    TypeNameTraits<T1>::name(), name);
  if (extra_data)
    return Ptr<const T1>(&any_cast<T1>(*extra_data));
  return null;
}
 
 
template<class T1, class T2>
inline
Teuchos::Ptr<T1>
Teuchos::get_optional_nonconst_extra_data( RCP<T2>& p, const std::string& name )
{
  p.assert_not_null();
  any *extra_data = p.nonconst_access_private_node().get_optional_extra_data(
    TypeNameTraits<T1>::name(), name);
  if (extra_data)
    return Ptr<T1>(&any_cast<T1>(*extra_data));
  return null;
}
 
 
template<class Dealloc_T, class T>
inline
const Dealloc_T& Teuchos::get_dealloc( const RCP<T>& p )
{
  return get_nonconst_dealloc<Dealloc_T>(const_cast<RCP<T>&>(p));
}
 
 
template<class Dealloc_T, class T>
inline
Dealloc_T& Teuchos::get_nonconst_dealloc( const RCP<T>& p )
{
  typedef RCPNodeTmpl<typename Dealloc_T::ptr_t,Dealloc_T>  requested_type;
  p.assert_not_null();
  RCPNodeTmpl<typename Dealloc_T::ptr_t,Dealloc_T>
    *dnode = dynamic_cast<RCPNodeTmpl<typename Dealloc_T::ptr_t,Dealloc_T>*>(
      p.access_private_node().node_ptr());
  TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPTION(
    dnode==NULL, NullReferenceError
    ,"get_dealloc<" << TypeNameTraits<Dealloc_T>::name()
    << "," << TypeNameTraits<T>::name() << ">(p): "
    << "Error, requested type \'" << TypeNameTraits<requested_type>::name()
    << "\' does not match actual type of the node \'"
    << typeName(*p.access_private_node().node_ptr()) << "!"
    );
  return dnode->get_nonconst_dealloc();
}
 
 
template<class Dealloc_T, class T>
inline
Teuchos::Ptr<Dealloc_T>
Teuchos::get_optional_nonconst_dealloc( const RCP<T>& p )
{
  p.assert_not_null();
  typedef RCPNodeTmpl<typename Dealloc_T::ptr_t,Dealloc_T> RCPNT;
  RCPNT *dnode = dynamic_cast<RCPNT*>(p.access_private_node().node_ptr());
  if(dnode)
    return ptr(&dnode->get_nonconst_dealloc());
  return null;
}
 
 
template<class Dealloc_T, class T>
inline
Teuchos::Ptr<const Dealloc_T>
Teuchos::get_optional_dealloc( const RCP<T>& p )
{
  return get_optional_nonconst_dealloc<Dealloc_T>(const_cast<RCP<T>&>(p));
}
 
 
template<class TOrig, class Embedded, class T>
const Embedded& Teuchos::getEmbeddedObj( const RCP<T>& p )
{
  typedef EmbeddedObjDealloc<TOrig,Embedded,DeallocDelete<TOrig> > Dealloc_t;
  return get_dealloc<Dealloc_t>(p).getObj();
}
 
 
template<class TOrig, class Embedded, class T>
Embedded& Teuchos::getNonconstEmbeddedObj( const RCP<T>& p )
{
  typedef EmbeddedObjDealloc<TOrig,Embedded,DeallocDelete<TOrig> > Dealloc_t;
  return get_nonconst_dealloc<Dealloc_t>(p).getNonconstObj();
}
 
 
template<class TOrig, class Embedded, class T>
Teuchos::Ptr<const Embedded>
Teuchos::getOptionalEmbeddedObj( const RCP<T>& p )
{
  typedef EmbeddedObjDealloc<TOrig,Embedded,DeallocDelete<TOrig> > Dealloc_t;
  const Ptr<const Dealloc_t> dealloc = get_optional_dealloc<Dealloc_t>(p);
  if (!is_null(dealloc)) {
    return ptr(&dealloc->getObj());
  }
  return null;
}
 
 
template<class TOrig, class Embedded, class T>
Teuchos::Ptr<Embedded>
Teuchos::getOptionalNonconstEmbeddedObj( const RCP<T>& p )
{
  typedef EmbeddedObjDealloc<TOrig,Embedded,DeallocDelete<TOrig> > Dealloc_t;
  const Ptr<Dealloc_t> dealloc = get_optional_nonconst_dealloc<Dealloc_t>(p);
  if (!is_null(dealloc)) {
    return ptr(&dealloc->getNonconstObj());
  }
  return null;
}
 
 
template<class ParentT, class T>
Teuchos::RCP<ParentT>
Teuchos::getInvertedObjOwnershipParent(const RCP<T> &invertedChild)
{
  typedef std::pair<RCP<T>, RCP<ParentT> > Pair_t;
  Pair_t pair = getEmbeddedObj<T, Pair_t>(invertedChild);
  return pair.second;
}
 
 
template<class T>
std::ostream& Teuchos::operator<<( std::ostream& out, const RCP<T>& p )
{
  out
    << typeName(p) << "{"
    << "ptr="<<(const void*)(p.get()) // I can't find any alternative to this C cast :-(
    <<",node="<<p.access_private_node()
    <<",strong_count="<<p.strong_count()
    <<",weak_count="<<p.weak_count()
    <<"}";
  return out;
}
 
 
#endif // TEUCHOS_RCP_HPP